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Approximately one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the many kilometres of tunnels under the city can be visited from the Napoli Sotteranea, situated in the historic centre of the city in Via dei Tribunali. [154], The term "Neapolitan language" is often used to describe the language of all of Campania, and is sometimes applied to the entire South Italian language; Ethnologue refers to the latter as Napoletano-Calabrese. His works contain some words that are taken from Neapolitan instead of the corresponding Italian, e.g. The latter originally had only a memorial to religious martyrs, but in 1866, after the Italian unification, four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons. [100], The city's population rose from 621,000 in 1901 to 1,226,000 in 1971, before declining to 957,811 in 2011 as city-dwellers moved to the suburbs. [55], After the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which culminated in the controversial Siege of Gaeta, Naples became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 as part of the Italian unification, ending the era of Bourbon rule. [75] In 1995, the historic centre of Naples was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, a United Nations programme which aims to catalogue and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind. [160], The earliest six-string guitar was created by the Neapolitan Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779; the instrument is now referred to as the romantic guitar. Naples was greatly respected by the Romans as a paragon of Hellenistic culture. [37] Wars between the competing dynasties continued until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III recognised as king of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII. The song "Santa Lucia" played by Tom Cat in Cat and Dupli-cat traced origin from Naples. [21][22] By the eighth century BC, the settlement had expanded to include Monte Echia. Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy, after Milan and Rome. The university is among the most prominent in Italy, with around 100,000 students and over 3,000 professors in 2007. 20. [40], In 1282, after the Sicilian Vespers, the Kingdom of Sicily was divided into two. Time bombs planted throughout the city continued to explode into November. Napule (napolidane: Napule /ˈnaːpulə/; tagliàne Napoli) éte 'nu comune tagliáne de 984.242 crestiáne e ète capelueche d'a reggione Campania. Naples is one of the main centres of Italian literature. 3. The port of Naples runs several public ferry, hydrofoil and SWATH catamaran services, linking numerous locations in both the Neapolitan province, including Capri, Ischia and Sorrento, and the Salernitan province, including Salerno, Positano and Amalfi. Other noted Neapolitan writers and journalists include Antonio De Curtis, Curzio Malaparte, Giancarlo Siani, Roberto Saviano and Elena Ferrante.[156]. [159] The Teatro di San Carlo, built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples. Tourists began visiting Naples in the 18th century, during the Grand Tour. Soccavo The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7.1 km, while 11% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[134]. The Japanese series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure's chapter 5, Vento Aureo, takes place in the city. Mina) Testo Della Canzone Napule è di Pino […] Naples has had significant influence on Italian cinema. San Ferdinando, 11. Several of Naples' mid-19th-century porcelain factories remain active today. The cultural significance of Naples is often represented through a series of festivals held in the city. Directly across from San Carlo is Galleria Umberto, a shopping centre and social hub. The Neapolitan Academy of Fine Arts, founded by Charles III of Bourbon in 1752 as the Real Accademia di Disegno (en: Royal Academy of Design), was the centre of the artistic School of Posillipo in the 19th century. [28], In 543, during the Gothic Wars, Totila briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths, but the Byzantines seized control of the area following the Battle of Mons Lactarius on the slopes of Vesuvius. The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th-century furniture and a collection of porcelain and majolica from the various royal residences: the famous Capodimonte Porcelain Factory once stood just adjacent to the palace. Occupying a 19th-century palazzo renovated by the Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza, the Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina (MADRE) features an enfilade procession of permanent installations by artists such as Francesco Clemente, Richard Serra, and Rebecca Horn. Chiaia As response to these problems the government prompted since 1852 a radically transformation of the city called risanamento with the objective of improving the sewerage infrastructure and replacing the most clustered areas with large and airy avenues as this was considered the main cause of insalubrity. Naples is one of the main centres of Italian literature. In the 16th century it became the Hall of justice. In 1935, the Rationalist architect Luigi Cosenza created a new fish market for the city. Poggioreale In addition to serving as the backdrop for several movies and shows, many talented celebrities (actors, actresses, directors, and producers) are originally from the city of Naples. 17. [140] This originated as a meal of the poor, but under Ferdinand IV it became popular among the upper classes: famously, the Margherita pizza was named after Queen Margherita of Savoy after her visit to the city. It was during this period that Christianity first arrived in Naples; the apostles Peter and Paul are said to have preached in the city. Napule (pe' taliano Napoli), sovrannummenata capitale d’’o Mediterraneo (comme pùre Catania, Valencia e âte cità), capoluoco d’’a pruvincia omonima e 'a reggione Campania, è na cità 'e circa nu melione 'e abetante e 4.400.000 perzone 'int'â ll'area metropolitana (cuntenente pùre zzone d’’a pruvincia 'e Caserta, Avellino e Salierno The Accademia Nazionale di Scherma (National Academy and Fencing School of Naples) is the only place in Italy where the titles "Master of Sword" and "Master of Kendo" can be obtained. Landmarks such as the Temple of Dioscures were built, and many emperors chose to holiday in the city, including Claudius and Tiberius. They also destroyed the city archives. Although Naples' Greco-Roman culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from Constantinople to Rome under Duke Stephen II, putting it under papal suzerainty by 763. 8. [9], It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples (661–1139), then of the Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816), and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. 25. [102] In addition, Naples is Italy's most densely populated major city, with approximately 8,182 people per square kilometre;[4] however, it has seen a notable decline in population density since 2003, when the figure was over 9,000 people per square kilometre. Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European art music for more than four centuries. Naples is well known for its sweet dishes, including colourful gelato, which is similar to ice cream, though more fruit-based. [121] In early 2002, there were over 249,590 enterprises operating in the province registered in the Chamber of Commerce Public Register. [132], The Naples International Airport is located in the suburb of San Pietro a Patierno. 4. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway, with the construction of the Naples–Portici railway. [47][better source needed] In 1544, around 7,000 people were taken as slaves by Barbary pirates and brought to the Barbary Coast of North Africa. 18. [178], Neapolitan tailoring was born as an attempt to loosen up the stiffness of English tailoring, which didn't suit the Neapolitan lifestyle.[179]. Jurisprudence studies were enhanced in Naples thanks to eminent personalities of jurists like Bernardo Tanucci, Gaetano Filangieri and Antonio Genovesi. 14. The rectangular grid layout of the ancient Greek foundation of Neapolis is still discernible and has indeed continued to provide the basic form for the present-day urban fabric of the Historic Centre of Naples, one of the foremost Mediterranean port cities. The islands of Procida, Capri and Ischia can all be reached from Naples by hydrofoils and ferries. In the 18th century, Naples went through a period of neoclassicism, following the discovery of the remarkably intact Roman ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii. During the late Baroque period, Alessandro Scarlatti, the father of Domenico Scarlatti, established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of opera seria, which was a new development for its time. the project proved difficult to accomplish both politically and economically due to corruption as shown in the Saredo Inquiry, land speculation and extremely long bureaucracy, all these led to the project to take several decades to complete with contrasted results. The ingredients are typically rich in taste, while remaining affordable to the general populace. The Sceneggiata became very popular amongst the neapolitan people, and then became one of the best known genres of Italian cinema because of actors and singers like Mario Merola and Nino D'Angelo. In light of this Tancred achieved another unexpected achievement during his counterattack that his contender Constance, now empress, was captured. Naples was one of the centres of the peninsula from which originated the modern theatre genre as nowadays intended, evolving from 16th century "comedy of art". [99] Naples has a higher percentage of females (52.5%) than males (47.5%). [51] However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, with the 1738 Treaty of Vienna recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons. In 2017, there were a total of 58,203 foreigners in the city of Naples; the majority of these are mostly from Sri Lanka, China, Ukraine, Pakistan and Romania. A popular traditional dance in Southern Italy and Naples is the Tarantella, originated in the Apulia region and spread next to all part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. 14. However, during the 850s, Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas led the Arab-Muslim conquest of the city, and managed to sack it and take huge amount of its wealth. Italian media attributed the past city's waste disposal issues to the activity of the Camorra organised crime network. [69][70][failed verification], Naples is a major national and international tourist destination, being one of Italy and Europe's top tourist cities. [73] Naples has a total of 448 historical churches (1000 in total[74]), making it one of the most Catholic cities in the world in terms of the number of places of worship. Naples was the location for several early Italian cinema masterpieces. The traditional Neapolitan flip coffee pot, known as the cuccuma or cuccumella, was the basis for the invention of the espresso machine, and also inspired the Moka pot. In the 16th century it became the Hall of justice. [112] The Academy of Fine Arts located on the Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli is the city's foremost art school and one of the oldest in Italy. Discours et pratiques alimentaires en Méditerranée (vol. The history of the Neapolitan language was deeply entwined with that of the Tuscan dialect which then became the current Italian language. De Sanctis was one of the first literary critics to discover, study and diffusing the poems and literary works of the great poet from Recanati. Tracce CD 1. [88] Parco Virgiliano was named after Virgil, the classical Roman poet and Latin writer who is thought to be entombed nearby. [29], The years between 818 and 832 were tumultuous in regard to Naples' relations with the Byzantine Emperor, with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne. [84], The San Gennaro dei Poveri is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. The Vigliena Fort, which was built in 1702, was destroyed in 1799 during the royalist war against the Parthenopean Republic, and is now abandoned and in ruin. As of 2012[update], the population of the comune di Napoli totals around 960,000. The city grew rapidly due to the influence of the powerful Greek city-state of Syracuse,[7] and became an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage. [30] By the 11th century, Naples had begun to employ Norman mercenaries to battle their rivals; Duke Sergius IV hired Rainulf Drengot to wage war on Capua for him. In 1458 the Accademia Pontaniana, one of the first academies in Italy, was established in Naples as a free initiative by men of letters, science and literature. [30] Naples allied with the Muslim Saracens in 836, and asked for their support to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento. 19% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. [159] The Teatro di San Carlo, built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples. [62] The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of the church of Santa Chiara, which had been destroyed in a United States Army Air Corps bombing raid.[14]. Naples is one of the most ancient cities in Europe, whose contemporary urban fabric preserves the elements of its long and eventful history. During the late Baroque period, Alessandro Scarlatti, the father of Domenico Scarlatti, established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of opera seria, which was a new development for its time. [136] Four public elevators are in operation in the city: within the bridge of Chiaia, in via Acton, near the Sanità Bridge,[137] and in the Ventaglieri Park, accompanied by two public escalators.[138]. 28. 25. The city also has teams in a variety of other sports: Eldo Napoli represents the city in basketball's Serie A and plays in the city of Bagnoli. [120], In recent times, there has been a move away from a traditional agriculture-based economy in the province of Naples to one based on service industries. 'O funnatore d''a dinastia fuje Carlo 'e Burbone, rre 'e Napule d''o 1734 ô 1759, figlio 'e Filippo V 'e Spagna (rre 'e Napule e 'e Sicilia d''o 1700 ô 1713, outre ca rre 'e Spagna d''o 1700 ô 1746, e funnatore a vota suja d''a dinastia d''e Burbone 'e Spagna) e d''a taliana Elisavetta Farnese.Carlo avette otto fije. The University of Naples, the first university in Europe dedicated to training secular administrators,[36] was founded by Frederick II, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom. Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. 13. Tourists began visiting Naples in the 18th century, during the Grand Tour. The Autostrada A1, the longest motorway in Italy, links Naples to Milan. According to different sources, Naples' metropolitan area is either the second-most-populated metropolitan area in Italy after Milan (with 4,434,136 inhabitants according to Svimez Data)[101] or the third (with 3.1 million inhabitants according to the OECD). During World War II, these tunnels were used as air-raid shelters, and there are inscriptions in the walls depicting the suffering endured by the refugees of that era. [68] In June 2012, allegations of blackmail, extortion and illicit contract tendering emerged in relation to the city's waste management issues.[69][70]. In front of the Royal Palace of Naples stands the Galleria Umberto I, which contains the Coral Jewellery Museum. The history of how this song was born was dramatised in the eponymous comedy movie "Ninì Tirabusciò: la donna che inventò la mossa" starring Monica Vitti. Later Neapolitan was replaced by Spanish during Spanish domination, and then by Italian. Philosopher Giordano Bruno, who theorised the existence of infinite solar systems and the infinity of the entire universe, completed his studies at University of Naples. Underneath Naples lies a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major geothermal zone. The city's main railway station is Napoli Centrale, which is located in Piazza Garibaldi; other significant stations include the Napoli Campi Flegrei[125] and Napoli Mergellina. [4] Naples currently has a higher birth rate than other parts of Italy, with 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. [9], It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples (661–1139), then of the Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816), and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. [53], Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years Napoleon conquered the kingdom and installed Bonapartist kings, including his brother Joseph Bonaparte (the Spanish king). Napoli, two-time Italian champions who play at the San Paolo Stadium in the southwest of the city, in the Fuorigrotta quarter. [164][165] Another Neapolitan musician of note was opera singer Enrico Caruso, one of the most prominent opera tenors of all time:[166] he was considered a man of the people in Naples, hailing from a working-class background.[167]. Naples is the seat of the Archdiocese of Naples, and Catholicism is highly important to the populace[citation needed]; there are hundreds of churches in the city. Serao was an acclaimed novelist and writer during her day. Arenella In addition to serving as the backdrop for several movies and shows, many talented celebrities (actors, actresses, directors, and producers) are originally from the city of Naples. Januarius, who would become Naples' patron saint, was martyred there in the 4th century AD. During the later years of World War II, it sustained severe damage from Allied bombing as they invaded the peninsula. Of the various public parks in Naples, the most prominent are the Villa Comunale, which was built by the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV in the 1780s;[86] the park was originally a "Royal Garden", reserved for members of the royal family, but open to the public on special holidays. [29], The years between 818 and 832 were tumultuous in regard to Naples' relations with the Byzantine Emperor, with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne. [79], The Carmine Castle, built in 1392 and highly modified in the 16th century by the Spanish, was demolished in 1906 to make room for the Via Marina, although two of the castle's towers remain as a monument. Miano [127] Since 2007 trains running at almost 300 km/h (186 mph) have connected Naples with Rome with a journey time of under an hour,[128] and direct high speed services also operate to Florence, Milan and Turin. Wineries in the Vesuvius area produce wines such as the Lacryma Christi ("tears of Christ") and Terzigno. A notable element of popular Neapolitan music is the Canzone Napoletana style, essentially the traditional music of the city, with a repertoire of hundreds of folk songs, some of which can be traced back to the 13th century. For other uses, see, Top: Panorama view of Mergellina Port, Mergellina, Chiaia area, over view of, Parks, gardens, villas, fountains and stairways. Other popular local sports include water polo, horse racing, sailing, fencing, boxing and martial arts. The garden's 15 hectares feature around 25,000 samples of vegetation, representing over 10,000 plant species. Naples (/ ˈ n eɪ p əl z /; Italian: Napoli (); Neapolitan: Napule [ˈnɑːpələ, ˈnɑːpulə]; Ancient Greek: Νεάπολις, romanized: Neápolis) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 967,069 within the city's administrative limits as of 2017. [145] Neapolitan coffee is also widely acclaimed. Ruggiero Gennaro, I castelli di Napoli, Napoli, Newton & Compton, 1995, second-most populous metropolitan area in Italy, 7th-most populous urban area in the European Union, Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ninì Tirabusciò: la donna che inventò la mossa, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy, "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011", "Principali statistiche geografiche sui comuni", "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018", "Napoli, l'inaugurazione dell'Hub di Direzione Strategica della Nato", "Guida Michelin, trionfa Napoli: è la città più stellata d'Italia", "Neapolis Station – Archaeological Yards", "Touring Club of Italy, Naples: The City and Its Famous Bay, Capri, Sorrento, Ischia, and the Amalfi, Milano", "Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479", "Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince", "Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples", "La dolce vita? The music Opera genre of opera buffa was created in Naples in the 18th century and then spread to Rome and to northern Italy. [14] Though Neapolitans did not rebel under Italian Fascism, Naples was the first Italian city to rise up against German military occupation; the city was completely freed by 1 October 1943, when British and American forces entered the city. San Giuseppe [84], The San Gennaro dei Poveri is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. [157] The first music conservatories were established in the city under Spanish rule in the 16th century. [83] During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy relics said to be of his body. [89], 1. Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European art music for more than four centuries. In 1191 Henry invaded Sicily after being crowned as Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and many cities surrendered, but Naples resisted him from May to August under the leadership of Richard, Count of Acerra, Nicholas of Ajello, Aligerno Cottone and Margaritus of Brindisi before the Germans suffered from disease and were forced to retreat. A wide range of culturally and historically significant sites are nearby, including the Palace of Caserta and the Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum. [146][147] The last ruling duke of the duchy, Sergius VII, was forced to surrender to Roger II, who had proclaimed himself King of Sicily seven years earlier. [55], After the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which culminated in the controversial Siege of Gaeta, Naples became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 as part of the Italian unification, ending the era of Bourbon rule. [30] Theoctistus was appointed without imperial approval; his appointment was later revoked and Theodore II took his place. [99] The demographic profile for the Neapolitan province in general is relatively young: 19% are under the age of 14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14% and 19%, respectively. Januarius, who would become Naples' patron saint, was martyred there in the 4th century AD. [45] In 1501, Naples came under direct rule from France under Louis XII, with the Neapolitan king Frederick being taken as a prisoner to France; however, this state of affairs did not last long, as Spain won Naples from the French at the Battle of Garigliano in 1503. [108] Another notable centre of education is the Istituto Universitario Orientale, which specialises in Eastern culture, and was founded by the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ripa in 1732, after he returned from the court of Kangxi, the Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty of China.[109]. Daniela Giampaola, Francesca Longobardo (2000). Various buildings inspired by the Gothic Revival are extant in Naples, due to the influence that this movement had on the Scottish-Indian architect Lamont Young, one of the most active Neapolitan architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Vicaria Poet Salvatore Di Giacomo was one of the most famous writers in the Neapolitan dialect, and many of his poems were adapted to music, becoming famous Neapolitan songs. [57] In the forty years following unification, the population of Naples grew by only 26%, vs. 63% for Turin and 103% for Milan; however, by 1884, Naples was still the largest city in Italy with 496,499 inhabitants, or roughly 64,000 per square kilometre (more than twice the population density of Paris). [7] In the 6th century BC, it was refounded as Neápolis. It is the largest airport in southern Italy, with around 250 national and international flights arriving or departing daily. 6. They also destroyed the city archives. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital.[85]. [49] The city was a major cultural centre during the Baroque era, being home to artists such as Caravaggio, Salvator Rosa and Bernini, philosophers such as Bernardino Telesio, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella and Giambattista Vico, and writers such as Giambattista Marino. The ingredients are typically rich in taste, while remaining affordable to the general populace.

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